The cultural exchange between India and Japan has a rich history that dates back centuries. Despite a separation of thousands of miles and vastly different cultures, the two nations have shared ideas and traditions that greatly influence each other. From Buddhism and art to philosophy and technology, the cultural links between India and Japan are fascinating and incredibly enriching. This essay explores the historic cultural similarities between the two nations, how they have influenced each other, and how such similarities demonstrate the interconnectedness of human cultures.
One of the most prominent examples of cultural exchange between India and Japan is Buddhism. Buddhism, which originated in India in the 5th century BCE, was introduced to Japan in the 6th century CE by way of China and Korea. It quickly gained popularity in Japan and impacted culture, art, and philosophy. The introduction of Buddhism to Japan led to the development of new forms of art, such as statues and mandalas, which are still widely admired today. Furthermore, the spread of Buddhism in Japan led to the growth of Zen Buddhism, which emphasizes self-discipline and mindfulness. Zen Buddhism has since been adopted by many people all over the world, including the West.
Fig.1. Map explaining the expansion of Buddhism in Asia
Art serves as another mode of cultural exchange between India and Japan. Indian art, particularly the Ajanta caves, has created a profound impact on Japanese art. Located in Maharashtra, the Ajanta caves are a series of rock-cut cave monuments dating back to the 2nd century BCE. The caves are famous for their intricate frescoes and sculptures depicting scenes from the life of Buddha. Japanese artisans and scholars visited the caves in the 19th century. Inspired by the art, they brought the technique back to Japan. The influence of Indian art can be seen in the art of Ukiyo-e, a popular form of Japanese woodblock prints.
In addition to Buddhism and art, India and Japan have shared ideas and traditions in philosophy. The Indian philosopher Nagarjuna, who lived in the 2nd century CE, is considered one of the most influential figures in the development of Mahayana Buddhism. His teachings were translated into Chinese, and later into Japanese. They had a significant impact on the development of Zen Buddhism. Similarly, Ashoka, who lived in the 3rd century BCE, played an important role in the growth of Buddhism. His edicts advocated for non-violence and religious tolerance. They were also first translated into Chinese and then into Japanese. These edicts contributed to spreading Buddhism in Japan.
One of the most striking similarities is the presence of a god of wisdom and knowledge in both cultures. In India, this god is known as Ganesha; in Japan, he is called Kangiten. Both gods have elephant heads, a symbol of intelligence and wisdom. They are associated with arts, literature, and learning. It is believed that they remove obstacles and bring good luck.
Another god that is present in both cultures is the god of war. While this god is known as Skanda in India, his Japanese counterpart is Hachiman. Skanda and Hachiman are considered powerful warriors and protectors of their respective nations. Both share a connection with hunting and wild animals. They are also renowned as the gods of archery and hunting.
Fig.2. Kangiten in Japan
The goddess of fertility and motherhood is also a common deity in both cultures. She is known as Kali in India and Kannon in Japan. These goddesses are depicted as having multiple arms and are connected with the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Both are revered as the protectors of children and pregnant women. Also, they are associated with healing and compassion.
Further, a god of wealth and prosperity is present in both cultures. Known as Kubera in India and Daikokuten in Japan, this god is associated with wealth and abundance. He is famous as the protector of merchants and traders. Kubera and Daikokuten also bring success to businesses.
These similarities in gods and goddesses between India and Japan demonstrate how, despite the great distance and cultural differences between the two countries, certain human experiences and emotions are universal. The ideas of a god of wisdom, a god of war, a goddess of fertility and motherhood, and a god of wealth and prosperity are relatable and meaningful concepts to people from different cultures.
India and Japan have also shared technology and ideas in the field of science. The Indian mathematician Aryabhata, who lived in the 5th century CE, is a notable figure in the development of mathematics. His works were translated into Chinese and later into Japanese, thus impacting the progress of mathematics in Japan.
Similarly, Indian metallurgy, particularly the making of wootz steel, had a crucial impact on Japanese sword-making. The Indian method of making wootz steel arrived in Japan in the 8th century CE.
In recent years, India and Japan have strengthened their cultural links through various initiatives. The two nations have established special centres to promote cultural exchange. They have also organized festivals to showcase their rich heritage. Furthermore, many Indian and Japanese universities have established exchange programs to promote cultural interaction between students.
In conclusion, this cultural exchange not only nurtures both nations but also serves as a reminder of the universality of human values and concepts. It is important to appreciate the shared traditions as this fosters mutual understanding and respect. As one learns about the similarities between Japan and India, it becomes clear that studying the connections between different cultures is extremely valuable.
References
- Jain, Ashok. (2019). India-Japan: History of Cultural Interactions: Lesser Known Features & Looks.
- Lokesh Chandra (2014). Cultural interflow between India and Japan. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.
- Thakur, Upendra. “India and Japan, a Study in Interaction During 5th Cent.-14th Cent. A.D.” “Abhinav Publications”.
- De, B. W. T. (2011). The Buddhist tradition in India, China & Japan. New York: Vintage eBooks.
- Kini-Singh, Amita. (2022). Japan’s Ancient Indic Heritage: A Review of “Hindu Deities Worshipped in Japan” by Benoy K. Behl. Ancient Asia. 13. 10.5334/aa.274.
Picture Courtesy
- 1. : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhist_Expansion.svg
- 2. : https://www.flickr.com/photos/83626281@N00/3193804791
- 3 : https://www.nahbriggs.top/
- 4 : https://aeon.co/
Somya Goel
I’m Somya Goel from the Research Authentication team of ILF. As a history student with a passion for cultural history, I find joy in delving into the past and uncovering the rich tapestry of human experience. My love for history is matched only by my love for painting, which allows me to connect with the past in a creative and personal way. Through my studies and personal research, I have explored various facets of history, from ancient civilizations to modern events, and each discovery only deepens my appreciation for the past. My goal is to share my passion for history and art with others and to continue to learn and grow as a historian and an artist.
